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In EDM, a lead is described as the main melody almost all of the time. Lead is almost always described in terms of the most important melodic part that tends to play frequently throughout the track, or at least after the breakdown. Other tracks can have leads that aren't melodic in nature but are still in the same frequency range that main melodies are. C4 or C5. Leads tend to be a track's "hook", especially in stuff like trance music. This is the part of the track when SHM makes all the panties drop, because their melodies and leads are so fucking epic.
A sequence is not really a term used often in production because it has to do with sitting down in front of a synthesizer and programming it with patterns of notes. These are great for making huge acid basslines!
Pads. Like L4C said, a string with a slow attack. Usually a chord and drenched in reverb, it tends to anchor down harmonics. It does not have to be a violin, but the sound itself resembles a string sound. These are great for cheesy breakdowns.
An arpeggiation is playing a chord in arpeggio. You are basically playing the separate notes on a staff, either up or down, but it does not have to be exactly up and down the staff. The notes can be changed in terms of the order and still be considered an arpeggio, and still be parts of the chord. Any instrument can function as arpeggio, but in dance music it is usually played by a plucked instrument, or piano. These are great to giving a chord feeling and bringing it to life. You can also mesh in melody and counterpoint with your arpeggio, even though it is described as just a chord being played.
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