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United Airlines, which is operating in bankruptcy protection, received court permission yesterday to terminate its four employee pension plans, setting off the largest pension default in the three decades that the government has guaranteed pensions. The ruling by Judge Eugene R. Wedoff of Federal Bankruptcy Court came after a lengthy hearing in a crowded Chicago courtroom, near where United is based. Despite pleas by union lawyers, Judge Wedoff sided with United, which had insisted that it could not emerge from bankruptcy protection with its pension plans in place. The ruling releases United, a unit of the UAL Corporation, from $3.2 billion in pension obligations over the next five years. The federal agency that guarantees pensions, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, will assume responsibility for the plans, which cover about 134,000 people. Some retirees could see sharply lower pension payments as a result; others will see little change in benefits, depending on a variety of factors. Some retirees at US Airways, which has terminated its plans, have seen benefits drop by as much as 50 percent. United, which has been in bankruptcy protection since December 2002, has been pushing to end its pensions since losing its bid for a federal loan package last year. But unions representing its employees fought the action, threatening to strike if the pensions were set aside. Along with raising that prospect, yesterday's action has significant implications for the airline industry, which has lost more than $30 billion since 2000, and perhaps for other industries like automobiles, with similarly heavy legacy costs. Analysts have predicted that if United won its case, there could be a domino effect as other airlines are forced to seek bankruptcy protection to bring their pension costs down to United's levels. That move would probably swamp the pension agency, which was created in 1974. "It's a scale, and this is another weight on the side of the scale that puts pressure on the other airlines to follow in United's footsteps," said Gary M. Ford, a lawyer specializing in pension and bankruptcy issues at the Groom Law Group who is representing some of the other large airlines. "The question is, Do you want to just watch this movie again, or is Congress going to act in a way that would make these plans affordable for the remaining carriers?" Legislation has been introduced in Congress that would allow major airlines to stretch out $20 billion in unpaid pension liabilities over 25 years, but the measure's future is uncertain. US Airways, which is under court protection for the second time since 2002, terminated the last of its pension plans earlier this year. As a result, the federal government has taken over the responsibility to pay US Airways' current and future retirees $3 billion worth of benefits. And Delta Air Lines disclosed yesterday that it might have to seek bankruptcy protection if it is not able to renegotiate terms of more than $600 million in loans, or if its cash reserves dwindle. It also said it expected a significant loss for 2005. The disclosure, made in a securities filing, caused a 10 percent decline in Delta stock. Although the ruling freed United from $3.2 billion in pension contributions over five years, even that amount would not fully finance the plan. If United had been able to pay it, the amount would have simply brought it into compliance. The government measures United's pension shortfall at close to $9.8 billion. United plans to switch its current employees from traditional retirement programs, which are called defined-benefit plans, to defined-contribution plans like 401(k) programs. "It's a hammer blow to thousands of retirees who will have to somehow make do with lower pension checks," said Joseph Tiberi, a spokesman for the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. "The promises United made to them are worthless," Mr. Tiberi said his union would appeal the judge's decision. But Judge Wedoff, speaking to a courtroom packed with United employees and retirees, said the move was unavoidable. "The least bad of the available choices here," the judge said, "has got to be the one that keeps an airline functioning, that keeps employees being paid." United, meanwhile, called the action an important step in its bid to restructure. The termination at United is nearly three times the size of the 2002 default by Bethlehem Steel. Last month, United reached agreement with the agency on a $1.5 billion plan that would give the agency a stake in United, along with other debt, when the airline emerges from bankruptcy protection. In return, the agency would assume the pension plans. The agency had already moved to take control of two of the four pension plans after United stopped making its legally required contributions last summer. United said that it needed to terminate the plans to attract the financing it needs to leave bankruptcy protection, but it had been trying to time the terminations to get the maximum possible insurance coverage from the agency. That prompted the agency to intervene. But sending the plans to the federal government could be difficult if labor strife erupts. Flight attendants have threatened to start unannounced strikes against United, while the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association also warned it might stage walkouts. Members of the machinists union voted today to support a strike if, among other things, United offers no acceptable alternative for its pensions. "We are not willing to make the unfair and disproportionate sacrifices United is demanding," S.R. Canale, president of District Lodge 141, which represents 30,000 current and retired United employees, said in a statement. "United used the bankruptcy court to point a gun at their employees - they can only blame themselves if it backfires." The company contends any strikes would be illegal because the rest of the workers' labor agreements remain in effect. Airline workers are covered by the federal Railway Labor Act, which forbids them to strike as long as labor agreements are in place. Wages and benefits for workers at United have been cut twice while United has been in reorganization. "Today's decision is an enormous disappointment and it very well may have triggered the collapse of the defined benefit pension system nationwide," said Greg Davidowitch, president of the Association of Flight Attendants at United. United had pinned its restructuring plans on its application for $1.6 billion in federally backed loans under a program intended to help airlines after the September 2001 attacks. But the Air Transportation Stabilization Board turned down its application last June, saying it believed that United could find financing elsewhere. The pension terminations now will put pressure on United's chief executive, Glenn F. Tilton, to find the $2 billion in financing the airline needs to emerge from bankruptcy, said Robert W. Mann Jr., an industry analyst based in Port Washington, N.Y. United has said several of its lenders had expressed interest in providing loans, if it could put together a workable business plan. Delta's shares dropped 10 percent, to $2.97, on its latest bankruptcy warning. Delta barely avoided filing for Chapter 11 last October by persuading its pilots to grant nearly $1.1 billion in wage and benefit cuts. Delta, the nation's third-largest airline behind American and United, lost $5.2 billion last year, including one-time charges, its worst performance in its 70-year history. Delta lost another $1.1 billion in the first quarter of 2005. In all, Delta has lost nearly $10 billion this decade and it has been on an aggressive push to cut $5 billion in costs through the end of next year. But in the securities filing, Delta warned of further losses in 2005. It said it was meeting with lenders to renegotiate the terms of $630 million in financing that it arranged last year with General Electric and American Express in its effort to avoid a Chapter 11 filing. The terms set cash and earnings requirements before expenses like interest, rent, aircraft payments and depreciation. But since reaching the loan agreements, the airline industry has been hit hard by high prices for jet fuel. In addition, Delta cut fares as much as 50 percent in January, and set limits on what it can charge for coach and first-class tickets. Delta said that if it could not renegotiate the terms, the loans could become due immediately. It also said it feared that its cash, which stood at $1.8 billion at the end of the first quarter, could dwindle to as little as $1.4 billion, where it stood last fall before it reached the deal with the pilots' union. Delta's assets are pledged to secure the financing from G.E. and American Express, as well as other loans. Delta has over $20 billion in outstanding debt. All that could lead to a bankruptcy filing, the airline said. But Delta has raised that prospect a number of times in the past, particularly when talks with the pilots were under way. Yesterday, a Delta spokesman, John Kennedy, said he was surprised at the market's reaction to the latest disclosure, given Delta's candor about its challenges. But, he said Delta was not playing down its problems. "There's still the elephant in the room" - meaning bankruptcy, Mr. Kennedy said.

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Funny how the new bankruptcy bill encourages predatory lending while preventing people from seeking debt relief, yet it's no problem for companies to dump money owed to their long-time employees through bankruptcy measures...at the expense of taxpayers! More airlines will soon follow suit.

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