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For Israeli Arabs, anniversary marks 60 years of sorrow
By Ethan Bronner
Thursday, May 8, 2008
JERUSALEM: As Israel toasts its 60th anniversary in the coming weeks, rejoicing in Jewish national rebirth and democratic values, the Arabs who make up 20 percent of its citizenry will not be celebrating. Better off and better integrated than ever in their history, freer than the vast majority of other Arabs, Israel's 1.3 million Arab citizens are still far less well off than Israeli Jews and feel increasingly unwanted.
On Thursday, Israeli Independence Day, thousands of Israeli Arabs will gather in their former villages to protest what they have come to call the nakba, Arabic for catastrophe, denoting the dispossession of Palestinians associated with Israel's birth. For most Israelis, Jewish identity is central to the state, the reason they are proud to live here, the link they feel with history. But Israeli Arabs, including the most successfully integrated ones, say a new identity must be found for the country's long-term survival.
"I am not a Jew," protested Eman Kassem-Sleiman, a prominent Arab radio journalist with impeccable Hebrew whose children attend a predominantly Jewish school in Jerusalem. "How can I belong to a Jewish state? If they define this as a Jewish state, they deny that I am here."
The clash between the cherished heritage of the majority and the hopes of the minority is more than friction. Even more than during the huge half-century festivities a decade ago, now the left and the right increasingly see Israeli Arabs as one of the central challenges for Israel's future, one intractably bound to the search for an overall settlement between Jews and Arabs here. Jews fear ultimately losing the demographic battle to Arabs, both inside Israel's borders and in the larger territory the nation controls.
Most say that while an end to its self-definition as a Jewish state would mean an end to Israel, they equally say that failure to instill in Arab citizens a sense of belonging is dangerous because many Arabs promote the idea that, despite its 60 years, Israel is a passing phenomenon.
"I want to convince the Jewish people that having a Jewish state is bad for them," said Abir Kopty, an Israeli Arab advocate.
Land is an especially sore point. Across Israel, especially in the north, the remains of dozens of Palestinian villages sit partly unused, scars on the landscape from the conflict that gave birth to Israel in 1948. Yet some of the original Arab inhabitants and their descendants, all Israeli citizens, live in packed towns and villages - often next door - and remain barred from resettling the vacant areas, while Jewish communities around them are urged to expand.
One recent warm afternoon, Jamal Abdulhadi Mahameed drove past kibbutz fields of wheat and watermelon, up a dirt road surrounded by pine trees and cactus, and climbed the worn remains of a set of stairs, declaring in the open air: "This was my house. This is where I was born."
He said what he most wanted now, at age 69, was to leave the crowded town next door, come back to this piece of uncultivated land with the pomegranate bushes planted by his father and work it, as generations have before him. He has gone to court to get it.
Mahameed is no revolutionary and, by nearly any measure, a solid and successful citizen. His children include a doctor, two lawyers and an engineer. Yet, as an Arab, his quest for a return to his land challenges longstanding Israeli policy.
"We are prohibited from using our own land," Mahameed said as he stood in what was once Lajoun, then a village, now a mix of overgrown scrub and pine trees surrounded by the fields of Kibbutz Megiddo. "They want to keep it available for Jews. My daughter makes no distinction between Jewish and Arab patients. Why should the state treat me differently?"
The answer has to do with the very essence of Zionism - the movement of Jewish rebirth and control over the land where Jewish statehood flourished 2,000 years ago.
"Land is presence," remarked Clinton Bailey, an Israeli scholar who has studied Bedouin culture. "If you want to be present here, you have to have land. The country is not that big. What you cede to Arabs can no longer be used for Jews who may still want to come. Israel is here as a haven for them."
A Palestinian state is widely seen as a potential solution to tensions with the Palestinians of Gaza and the West Bank, but any deep conflict with Israel's own Arab citizens could prove much more complex.
Many Israeli Arabs express solidarity with their Palestinian brethren under Israeli occupation. Some others praise Hezbollah, the Shiite organization whose militia fought off Israel in Lebanon in 2006. Some Arabs in the Parliament routinely accuse Israel of Nazism.
Meanwhile, several rightist rabbis have issued rulings forbidding Jews from renting apartments to Arabs or employing them. A majority of Jews, according to polls, favor a transfer of Arabs out of Israel as part of a two-state solution, a view that a decade ago was considered extreme.
Arabs here reject that idea partly because they prefer the certainty of an imperfect Israeli democracy to whatever system may evolve in a shaky Palestinian state. That is part of the paradox of the Israeli Arabs. Their anger has grown, but so has their sense of belonging.
In fact, the anxious and recriminating rhetoric on both sides may give a false impression of constant tension. There is a real level of Jewish-Arab coexistence in many parts, and the government has recently committed itself to affirmative action for Arabs in education, infrastructure and government employment.
"We know that they need more land, that their children need a place to live," Raanan Dinur, director general of the prime minister's office, said in an interview in which he declared that Israel must urgently end the discrimination. "We are working on building a new Arab city in the north. Our main goal is to take what are today two economies and integrate them into one economy."
Still, there is a concern that time is short.
Mahameed and his fellow villagers will arrive at the Supreme Court in July with the goal of obtaining 20 hectares, or 50 acres, of their families' former land that sits uncultivated except for pine trees planted there by the Jewish National Fund.
Their story is part of a larger one: After the United Nations General Assembly voted in late 1947 for two states in Palestine, one Arab and one Jewish, local Arab militias and their regional supporters went on the offensive against Jewish settlements. Zionist forces counterattacked. Hundreds of Palestinian villages, including Lajoun, were evacuated and mostly destroyed, the nakba.
Palestinian Arabs became refugees in Lebanon as well as the West Bank, which Jordan occupied after the war, and the Gaza Strip, which Egypt occupied. But some, like Mahameed, stayed in Israel, taking refuge in other towns and villages. They were made citizens and were promised equality but never got it.
Those who had left or been expelled from their villages were not permitted back and spent the next 60 years watching their lands farmed or built upon by newcomers, many of them refugees from Nazi oppression or Soviet anti-Semitism.
In 1953, the Israeli Parliament declared about 120,000 hectares of captured village land to be state property for either settlement or security purposes.
Mahameed and his 200 fellow complainants all live in Um el-Fahm, an overcrowded town near their former land. "Our claim is that since the land has not been used all these years, there was no need to confiscate it," said Suhad Bishara, a lawyer with Adalah, a Haifa-based group devoted to Israeli Arabs' rights.
Bishara lost that argument in the district court, which agreed with the state that the planted pine trees around Lajoun and a water treatment plant there constituted settlement.
It is not hard to detail the gap between Arabs and Jews in nearly every area - health, education, employment - as well as the gap in government spending in each sector. There are three times as many Arab families below the poverty line as Jewish ones, and a government study five years ago spoke of the need to remove "the stain of discrimination."
In the prime minister's office, Dinur has taken a strong interest in the issue and has met several times with Arab leaders. He says it may be possible one day for some Arabs to return to their native villages, but only as part of a larger process of integration, progress and regional reconciliation. Otherwise, he said, Israeli Jews will fear that the Arabs' goal will be to take back all the towns and villages lost in the 1948 war.
Others interested in the area agree.
"Anything that seems to be aiming to reverse the process by which the land was made primarily Jewish will produce great fear here," said Sarah Kreimer, who has worked in Arab-Jewish coexistence for 25 years. "The fear is that of losing the Jewish state."
For many Israelis, the challenge posed by their Arab population cannot be separated from what they see as the risks in the region: the increased influence of Iran, even though it is not Arab; the growth of Islamic radicalism; the concern that another war in Lebanon or the Gaza Strip is not far away.
Michael Oren, a senior fellow at the Shalem Institute, a research group in Jerusalem, said that when the army prepares for war it includes in the plan how to handle the possibility that Israeli Arabs will rise up against the state.
Many also believe - and here Jews and Arabs seem to agree - that without a solution to the Palestinian dispute over the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, internal tensions will not abate. And given the pessimism about the peace talks with the Palestinians, the forecast does not look bright.
The argument many Arabs make is that Israel's founding was a great injustice foisted on them that now should be rectified. Jews here disagree profoundly and say Israel is the rectification of a historic set of injustices committed against them.
Abdulwahab Darawshe, a former member of Parliament and the current head of the Arab Democratic Party, sat recently in his office in Nazareth and said: "No matter what happens, we will not leave here again. That was a big mistake in 1948. Yet our identity is becoming more and more Palestinian. You cannot cut us from the Arab tree."
Asked his plans for Israeli Independence Day, he said, "I will take a shovel and work the land around my olive trees."
Airstrike kills Palestinian
An Israeli airstrike killed at least one Palestinian militant in Gaza on Wednesday, Reuters quoted medical workers as saying in Gaza.
The Islamic Jihad, a militant group, said that one of its members was killed and that six were wounded in the strike near the southern Gaza town of Khan Younis.
An Israeli Army spokeswoman said that an airstrike had targeted a group of Palestinian militants who were spotted by soldiers operating in the area. Israel frequently carries out airstrikes and raids in the Gaza Strip, which it says are aimed at curbing cross-border rocket fire into southern Israel.
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