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Here's a tentative to explain what a ROMpler is and why it's called like that.
A ROMpler is a sample (also called PCM) player with advanced synthesis functions such as modulation, lfo's, at times fx and arpeggiators. Basically much like a sampler, except that you can't import you own samples. It's mostly based on extremely short waveforms that are perfectly looped. Now the waveforms are longer than they used to be, and they are 24bit/96khz samples. The Roland JD-800 used to have a bank of waves sampled at 16 bit/32 Khz, some of them in mono. Now you have a 40Gb upright piano, sampled at 5 different velocities @24/96 for each of the 88 notes using 6 different microphones... Same goes for drums, woodwinds, brass instruments... it's getting bigger and bigger.
A few examples of ROMplers: a Korg M1, a Wavestation, a Roland jv, jd synth or module, a groovebox 303 or 505, and as for Virtual Instruments, a General Midi bank such as Quicktime's (mac-users will know what I'm talking about), Nexus, Halion Player Edition, and many, many others.
The other types of synthesis in short:
Subtractive synthesis where basic waveforms (sinus, square, sawtooth, noise, pulse, triangle) get mixed together, and passed through filter, envelope and LFO. (E.g. Vanguard, Analog, Z3ta, subtractor.
FM synthesis where an oscillator with a basic waveform gets fed by another oscillator. (FM8, Operator, and the latest Synplant is also some kind of fm synth)
Additive synthesis where you add harmonics, and literally can DRAW the waveform. (E.g. Cameleon 5000)
Wavetable synthesis, when you can morph between waveforms as if they were attached to each other (E.G Thor features wavetable, so does Malstrom)
Graintable synthesis, where waveforms are sampled, but you just select a tiny portion of them to generate the oscillator (e.g. Reaktor Ensembles such as Travellizer, Malstrom when you select those oscillators, Alchemy when using the samples with timestretch to maximum, Omnisphere features that too on the 40gb samples)
And there's also Physical Modelling, that's a virtual representation of the physical laws involved in basic instruments. You select your primary element such as wood, string, glass, and you choose the object it will be treated with, a pickup, a bow, a hammer, or by blowing on it. The biggest one actually is Logic's Structure.
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