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are you saying that you have a list of (elevation, range) pairs and you want to calculate elevation E for a given range R that does not appear in the list?
If that's the problem, there should be an equation that relates elevation to range. Can't you just use that? If I misunderstood and it's a more general data fitting problem, then read on.
The problem of discovering the relationship between a bunch of data points is not always trivial. Most of the time, it is not linear either. Say I plotted random points from a sine curve. You wouldn't try to fit a line to those points because they aren't related according to a line. If you do, you'd get the wrong predictions for what the data looks like in general.
The problem of finding the right type of curve to fit (line, parabola, whatever) is called model selection. The family of curves that you consider for fitting the data (say, the family of all parabolas) is called the model. The problem of finding the best particular curve in the chosen model is called estimation.
So, you have to answer two questions - 1) what model is best for relating elevation and range 2) how do i find the best function from this model to fit the data.
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