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First of all, the only way to learn how to identify different genres of music is to listen to them in the first place. We can give you all the theory you want, but the only way you can really understand what the different genres are about is by experiencing them.
Second of all, music is a very subjective thing. Anyone familiar with the Cartesian "ontological rift" or the Kantian "a priori judgements" can tell you that the same piece of music will sound very different to two different men. It's impossible to agree on exactly what sort of genre a style of music should be in.
Having said that, I'll now try and explain what progressive music is. 
I think it was in Mix-Mag (or summit like that) where I read probably the best definition of progressive music: "not quite house, not quite trance". Progressive music usually has the "boom chicka-boom" 4/4 beat found so often in house music, with the electric ambience and detatched melodies of trance music. Or, to make it simpler, it has a dominant beat and usually little melody. The beat sounds almost like it is churning - like it's going somewhere or "progressing" - and is always at the forefront of progressive music, with whatever melodies and vocals that there are almost taking a back seat. If you want examples, go out and buy anyone of the recent Global Underground series. They're all, to my knowledge, progressive (although different types of progressive - tech house, tech trance etc....but we won't get into that).
Just because a track has a build up or it "builds up" it doesn't make it progressive. Perhaps the original definition of progressive music encompassed only that music that built up, but as someone said before, progressive music is generally "flat" in that there are few real build-ups, and there will be the same degree of intensity in the music 8 minutes into the track as there was after 2 minutes. It's a thinking man's music for this reason, because you have to put a fair bit into it to get anything out of it. Personally, I love it, but I can also understand why others don't share my passion.
Does that make things simpler?
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