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| !_PeTrUs_! |
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The Chemestry of MDMA
Many people have thought that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as Ecstasy, is a combination of several illicit drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, however, there is only one chemical configuration represented. However, this belief is false. MDMA has it's own chemical makeup and the process of synthesis does not include other illicit substances (Cohen, pp 12-14). MDMA is derived from the oils of plants such as nutmeg, sassafras, saffron, dill, parsley seed, crocus, vanilla beans, and calamus. However, the chemical process of synthesis is much more complex than just extracting oils from plants (Taylor).
The synthesis of MDMA has four processes: 1. extraction of safrole from sassafras oil, or other sources (piperonal), 2. Isomerization of safrole into isosafrole by heating with NaOH or KOH, 3. Oxidizing isosafrole into MDP-2-P, and 4. Using the Leukart Reaction add N-methyl-N-forumyl-MDA to MDP-2-P resulting in MDMA (Taylor). Figure 1 gives the chemical structure and outline of the synthesis of MDMA.
MzDMA is an amphetamine derivative that is related chemically to both amphetamines and hallucinogens" with neurotoxic effects (Elk, p 349). It has also been termed as an entactogen, which is a substance described as "producing a feeling in one's innermost being" (Medical Information). There are many features of MDMA that set it apart from other drugs of its kind, although it MDMA has been classified as a "hallucinogenic-amphetamine," it does not have the potent stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. As a 3,4 disubstituted amphetamine, it is the only substituted amphetamine that only has substituted patterns in the 3 and 4 positions. Another unique feature is that it is "a secondary amine, with the basic nitrogen being substituted with an N-methyl. These attributes separate MDMA from the hallucinogenic and amphetamine agents that are the most potent of the primary amines. Another feature distinguishing MDMA from the hallucinogens is that the R-entantiomer of hallucinogens is the most potent agent in the Central Nervous System (CNS), whereas the R-form of MDMA is the least potent (Cohen, pp15-17). .
The Route of Access of MDMA
MDMA's most popular route of access is through oral ingestion. Although, it can be administered through intravenous injection, smoking or snorting it, and very rarely through suppository. When MDMA is swallowed it gets digested in the stomach where it enters the blood stream. Approximately 20% reaches the brain, two thirds is eliminated, unchanged, through urine, and 7% is "metabolised" into MDA (E is for Ecstasy). Once MDMA enters the brain it reacts with the chemicals in the brain, leading to the effects felt by MDMA.
Heavy users of ecstasy, a synthetic drug that is structurally similar to methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline, may be risking brain damage that remains long after the high has worn off, according to NIDA-supported research.
In a series of studies conducted with rats and nonhuman primates, Dr. George Ricaurte and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions first determined that a single dose of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), only slightly higher than the size of doses taken by humans, significantly damaged brain cells called neurons that produce serotonin. Serotonin is a major neurotransmitter, or chemical messenger, in the brain that is thought to influence mood, appetite, sleep, and other important functions. Then Dr. Ricaurte reported that 12 to 18 months after the brains of squirrel monkeys had been damaged by MDMA, serotonin-producing nerve fibers had regrown abnormally in some brain regions and failed to regrow at all in others.
Unlike methamphetamine, which damages brain neurons that produce both serotonin and another important chemical messenger called dopamine, MDMA selectively damages serotonin neurons in virtually all species examined to date
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GReeTZ |
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| goldenarmZ |
| thanks petrus d00d! we can never have enuff info on the we're stuffing into our bodies!! :D:D |
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| !_PeTrUs_! |
| quote: | Originally posted by goldenarmZ
thanks petrus d00d! we can never have enuff info on the we're stuffing into our bodies!! :D:D |
Hehe, you're damn right it's never enough!! haha, Lets talk again after this weekend. DANCE VALLEY!!!! |
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| skattrd |
If you haven't already, you want to read:
PIHKAL (a chemical love story)
by Alexander and Ann Shulgin.
Alexander Shulgin was the guy who used to (legaly) create and experiment with new drugs, whilst a professor at Berkley (I think). Very intersting story, and a large section on the chemistry behind them too, for those who are interested in that.
PIKHAL: Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved. |
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| KaNoS |
All this drug stuff reports are very confusing, you dont know if they are lying to you, in one page you can read that MDMA is harmless and that the damage to the brain is done by other substance in your brain, but after some time 99% of the damaged parts recover (www.dancesafe.com), but in other places like this one, it says you get damaged with a single dose.
So you cant trust no one. And remember, scientific investigations from goverment, or from other parts many times lie, for example, in the 1940, there was an official investigation that proved that black people had poor night vision, and was pure %#"% of course.
so my point is that prolly this article, is pure $#$". |
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| Cru5ad3r |
Well reading that stuff, it gives (me) a clear impression that mdma is harmless, and almost as natural as olive oil, lol :rolleyes:
Crusader |
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| rawkus rowan |
| whether or not some bits are true is unknown, but most of it is true, well done petrus for providing this, people need to be educated in this field! |
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| Thor |
| quote: | Originally posted by skattrd
If you haven't already, you want to read:
PIHKAL (a chemical love story)
by Alexander and Ann Shulgin.
Alexander Shulgin was the guy who used to (legaly) create and experiment with new drugs, whilst a professor at Berkley (I think). Very intersting story, and a large section on the chemistry behind them too, for those who are interested in that.
PIKHAL: Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved. |
Excellent recommendation! :D
Knowladge is power, but imagine how much more knowladge there would be for mdma if it was a legal and controlled substance..
Sadly too much of the research being done is being done with a goal of scare tactics in mind. |
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| jesten |
| quote: | Originally posted by Cru5ad3r
Well reading that stuff, it gives (me) a clear impression that mdma is harmless, and almost as natural as olive oil, lol :rolleyes:
Crusader |
The stuff ain't hamless man, I'll admit I have short term memory loss and sometimes my speach is ed up, you just gotta be smart about it, know your limits.:D |
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| Daffer |
Truth or not all these information is welcome as said above, we can't get enough info on this, I've always thought that if I'm gonna let any chemical (drug) into my body I should get as much information about it (yup Shockwav I do it also) , So...you be the judge.
And again I'd like to recommend a lot Erowid and dancesafe, all the info there is priceless when it comes to drugs.
And what I think is the most important..You yourself take the decision not anyone else and of course responsability.
just my own opinion so thanx a lot Petrus for this! |
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| DJ MG |
Hey thanks for the Xtra ifno pall.:D :D Now its Time for me to go and go lol naw not now ill wait till the weekend :D :D :D :D :D |
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