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America's part in WW2 (pg. 3)
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| Drunkpolak |
I was just thinking, a lot of people complain that the
american movies make it seem like they won the war on
their own. It is very rare for a movie to show exactly
what happened and all the players involved. So the
americans make a movie that will be seen by mostly
USA citizens, what so wrong about them making it seem like
they were the key players. I havn't seen any
Russian movies involving WW2 but I'm pretty sure they
don't mention anything about the bristish, americans, or
the french. I've seen a few british movies involving WW2
on the history network and from what i remember they barely
mentioned the americans or russians. The same could probably
be said for German movies, I'm pretty sure they don't mention
about their italian or romanian allies. Take that into
consideration when you complain about americans taking all
the credit. If anyone can tell me of a european movie that
goes against what I said I would love to know b/c that would
be a real good WW2 movie and I would love to see it. |
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| occrider |
| quote: | Originally posted by Munken
I saw a program on discovery, were they said the attack on pearl harbour was nothing but a big suprice for USA and within week the fleet was back in full force, maybe there wrong or i remember it wrong, but i know it takes a little more then a few weeks to rebuild ships.
So the entire west coast fleet couldn't have been destroyed if thats true. |
It was a big surprse for the US. The entire Pacific fleet of battleships and quite a bit of support ships were anchored at port when the attack happened. But battleships were made obsolete by aircraft carriers at the start of WW2 and America's 3 or 4 aircraft carriers were away at sea at the time. So even though a large portion of the pacific fleet was decimated, it's real striking power (the aircraft carriers) remained intact. Even then ... it was a good 5 months until America massed enough forces to fight its first big naval clash against Japanese forces. |
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| infinity HiGH |
| quote: | Originally posted by Drunkpolak
I was just thinking, a lot of people complain that the
american movies make it seem like they won the war on
their own. It is very rare for a movie to show exactly
what happened and all the players involved. So the
americans make a movie that will be seen by mostly
USA citizens, what so wrong about them making it seem like
they were the key players. I havn't seen any
Russian movies involving WW2 but I'm pretty sure they
don't mention anything about the bristish, americans, or
the french. I've seen a few british movies involving WW2
on the history network and from what i remember they barely
mentioned the americans or russians. The same could probably
be said for German movies, I'm pretty sure they don't mention
about their italian or romanian allies. Take that into
consideration when you complain about americans taking all
the credit. If anyone can tell me of a european movie that
goes against what I said I would love to know b/c that would
be a real good WW2 movie and I would love to see it. |
Can't think of an European movie, but "Enemy At The Gates" was damn good. And the reason why people complain about those American movies, is because those American movies usually (not always) stereotype other countries, and these American movies are seen not only by American audiences, but British, French, Polish, German, Irish, etc etc etc audiences as well. So it's obviously going to piss people off.
Wow...this is a really good thread :) I was considering starting a "jokes/stereotypes" thread...cuz i'm really curious to see how each country jokes and stereotypes others...but I dunno if I should. Some people might take it too seriously... |
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| k.k.d. |
Not to be a party pooper, but:
| quote: | | 6. Russia was getting it's ass kicked until the winter saved them |
It somehow annoys me to see how people are still picturing Soviets as a ing bunch of bears living in igloos and imune to cold, snow, and just about everything else... It also amazes me how people claim the "superior-quality" german tanks could not take Russia's wintery landscape, and the superior-quality clothing, weaponry, were "neutralized" by aforementioned factor. It's kinda rediculous sounding, isn't it? I know they give this as a fact to kids here in american school (perhaps something kept from the cold war: enemy must be shown in dark colors), but geez...
Just to give you a clue, german land forces went as close as 7 kilometers (that's 4 and some miles for you) to Moscow, and had Lenengrad sieged for a very long ing time. I doubt the winter factor influenced in any way the outcome. If you ever go to Moscow, I invite you to look on the right side of the road from the Scheremetievo airport - you'll see giant anti-tank structures, monument to the farthest place german forces stepped to in numbers...
But anyway... Since I'm in to give the facts from the "other side" of your perception, here's another one: of 20 million lives lost, 12 would be simple civilians who were mass-executed in their villages upon the german arrival. Only 8 millions are millitary casualties, including the underground resisting movements (partizans), etc...
That being said, America undeniably contributed to the war, to say the least with the food supply. As for the opening of the second front, it was more than welcome, but could of been done even sooner... But there was just no political reason for USA to do that before.. |
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| Jocker |
to second kkd's post, some more facts for you.
Soviet Army was indeed losing battle after battle in the very beginning (the first time we've actually stopped the Germans was, like kkd told, 7km away from Moscow in December 1941). There seems to be one major reason for this. Stalin was blinded by the secret pact Germany and USSR signed in early autumn 1939 that made up a peace treaty. He told to hold up the Army (major forces were situated as deep as 100 km (60 miles) away from the border, and only the scarce amount was protecting the border of Belarus - the first Soviet republic that was invaded). There are some indirect facts showing that Soviet Union wanted to make the strike on Germany itself and was waiting for the right moment.
It is hard to say what was the reason for Germans to lose the battle near Moscow. There seems to be only one: unbelievable courage and self-sacrifice of people. It is very hard to fight when you see that your opponent won't stop even if his life is taken. Even if you have much greater technological advances (and yes, USA helped Russia quite a lot with the landlease program, leasing a lot of military machine park and weaponry, for which Russia has not repaid ever since).
But all in all, WW2 would end much faster if Great Britain and USA would open the second front earlier than by Summer 1944 (when Germany's loss was already obvious), which was discussed at different conferences between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill like in 1943 in Teheran, Iran, where the leaders had agreed to open the second front in late 1943-early 1944. |
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| FuzzyGreen |
| quote: | Originally posted by k.k.d.
Not to be a party pooper, but:
It somehow annoys me to see how people are still picturing Soviets as a ing bunch of bears living in igloos and imune to cold, snow, and just about everything else... It also amazes me how people claim the "superior-quality" german tanks could not take Russia's wintery landscape, and the superior-quality clothing, weaponry, were "neutralized" by aforementioned factor. It's kinda rediculous sounding, isn't it? I know they give this as a fact to kids here in american school (perhaps something kept from the cold war: enemy must be shown in dark colors), but geez...
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Wow, thanks for that insight. I've always been told that the weather was what stopped the Nazi's |
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| rupert |
Not much I can add to the previous comments, but I can address why the Germans did not succeed in capturing Moscow. There are a number of reasons so I will try to be brief.
Firstly you have to look at why the Germans attacked the Soviet Union. The Nazi regime was much like the USA today dominated by fanatical adherence to ideology. In the Nazis case the Nazi ideology was twofold, 1) that "untermensch" subhumans should be exterminated 2 that their land should be taken and given to Aryan Germans who Nazi ideology viewed as superior.
Hitler let these ideological beliefs dictate strategy, ie "the lands to the east are full of subhumans lets exterminate them and take their land" The strategy wasnt to defeat an imminent threat or even to destroy the menace of Communism. The point- The Nazis never had any coherent strategy about what it wanted to achieve by attacking the east other than killing the subhumans.
That is the core reason for Germanys failure in the east, the tactical reasons for the failure to capture Moscow were
1)Germany delayed its invasion of the Soviet Union by a few weeks to capture Yugoslavia, meaning it had less time to defeat the Soviet Union before the onset of winter.
2)Hitler diverted soldiers from the Moscow front to the southern sector in order to encircle a Russian army group, meaning it had less soldiers to do the job of capturing Moscow.
3)The German offensive ran out of puff, German supply lines became over-extended, meaning that the Germans lost momentum.
4)The Soviet Union had secret intelligence that the Japanese wouldnt attack them, the Japanese wanted to attack America. Knowing this the Soviet Union diverted troops from facing the Japanese to fight the Germans which arrived just in time to protect Moscow.
5)Soviet resolve intensified as they realised surrendering to the Germans was not a wise option, the Germans would usually kill prisoners and the Soviets would imprison/punish the families of soldiers who surrendered. |
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| occrider |
| quote: | [i][b]
The Nazi regime was much like the USA today dominated by fanatical adherence to ideology. In the Nazis case the Nazi ideology was twofold, 1) that "untermensch" subhumans should be exterminated 2 that their land should be taken and given to Aryan Germans who Nazi ideology viewed as superior.
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Hehe that's the first time I've ever heard the US compared to Nazi Germany ... what's your factual basis for that? |
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| trintiy |
Good thread and good discussions so far. However a very key point has been missed, the allies were not only fighting Germany. Japan was in this war as well and that's where America played it's biggest role. The war in the Pacific was one of the major turning points in the war.
So lets talk facts. Devoting 10 years in the U.S military has sort of made military/war history a topic of interest for me.
Since the thread was started by Fly I'll reply to him first. I have never viewed or read a single document that claimed America broke the Enigma code. America broke the Japenese codes
In the early 1930's Japan began it's invasion of Asia, and to plot
the most strategic moves without the knowlege of the enemy, they devised numerous codes and cyphers. The most complex one, and the one most widely used throughout the war, was known to Americans as PURPLE.
PURPLE was what was known as a machine cyper, also called by the
Japanese "97-shiki O-bun In-ji-ki," which translates to "Alphabetical
Typewriter 2597." The PURPLE machine converted plaintext into cyphertext through a maze of wires. The machine itself resembled two typewriters placed on either side of an electric rotary engine, with wires running from each typewriter to the engine. The operator would type a plaintext message into the first typewriter. When a letter was punched, an electric impulse ran from each letter through a wire ending in a plug arranged on a pegboard, where numerous plugs corresponding to other letters were inserted in a prearranged
pattern. The impulse would run through a rotor in the engine and the message appeared as cyphertext on the second typewriter. The PURPLE machine was able to cyper a message, then an identical machine would decypher the same message.
The United States Navy aquired a copy of the machine under the code name MAGIC. By the time December 7, 1941 came around, the Americans were already equipped to decipher any of the Japanese transmissions. by that time Pearl Harbor had already become a victim to Japanese attacks. A japanese "winning streak" followed and they remained confident that they could keep on winning.
About 1200 miles from Hawaii, there were a group of islands called Midway. The Japanese had a plan to stage a diversionary attack on the Aleutian islands, luring part of the U.S. fleet away. It was important that the Americans did not know that Midway was to be the main target.
On May 20, 1942, the Japanese Admiral Yamamoto transmitted many long codes containing the orders for the final assault on the American fleet. The code came in 45,000 codegroups. For months, intelligence agents had been using IBM machines to punch cards with the solutions to codegroups. Finally, after months of work, about 90% of the code was deciphered, and a a few months after that, the overall picture of the attack was apparent.
One mystery in the overall picture was the two letter combination
AF. It was already suspected that AF meant Midway. However, the conclusion was too vague. The mystery was solved cleverly, going beyond every means of cryptanalysis.
Admiral Nimitz arranged for the U.S. garrison on Midway to send out news that they were out of fresh water. It was also arranged that the news be broadcasted in code that the Japanese had already broken. After two days,Yamamoto broadcast to the Japanese fleet that "AF is out of water." From this it was apparent that AF did mean Midway. Nimitz sent his fleet to Midway, and the Japanese were severely punished when they arrived.
Also on the topic of Enigma: Your facts about the Brits are wrong and Neo is partly right on Enigma. Enigma may have be broke at Bletchly, however it was broken by the Polish long before the Brits.
In Great Britain, laudable attempts have been undertaken at a just and unbiased assessment of Enigma's origins and its influence upon the military operations of 1939 to 1945, as for instance in R. Lewin's "Ultra Goes to War" (1978) (7). A title- page dedication in Lewin's book reads: "To the Poles who sowed the seed and to those who reaped the harvest".
The earliest Polish work on the intercepted German machine ciphers had begun already in 1928, right after the system's introduction by the German Army. However, no progress was made during the next four years. Then the Polish Cipher Bureau - which was part of 2nd Section (Military Intelligence) of the General Staff - decided to recruit three young mathematicians, all of them graduates of the Mathematical Institute at the University in Poznan. To be sure they were first all given, along with twenty-odd their fellow-students, a rudimentary training in codebreaking during a special course, organized by the military. Their real aim was to find cryptological talents, the most promising of which was considered Marian Rejewski. After his graduation, he went for a one-year period of advanced study in actuarial mathematics to Goettingen and following his return, had thought at the Mathematical Institute in Poznan.
On September 1, 1932, Rejewski and his two somewhat younger colleagues, Jerzy Rozycki, and Henryk Zygalski began work as regular employees at the Cipher Bureau in Warsaw. During the first few weeks, the young mathematicians worked on relatively simpler German Navy codes. By that time the Kriegsmarine was particularly active in Polish shore, while the German government tried to curtail the Polish rights in then-Free City of Danzig against the Versailles Treaty stipulations, in early-October, 1932, Rejewski was given a separate room and told to take a closer look at a pile of the Enigma-researchers. He was also supplied with an obsolete commercial Enigma machine, initial type, which had been bought in Germany. This, however, lacking many essential parts of the military-type machine, especially the commutator ("plug board"), was quite useless. Polish penetration into the secrets of the Enigma - remarks an American cipher expert and historian - began in ernest when Rejewski realized the applicability of some properties of permutations to his analysis of the German machine cipher.
The whole complicated process of mastering the secrets of the German Enigma, that was ultimately concluded in the first days of January, 1933, included combination of mathematics, statistics, computational ability and inspired guesswork. An erroneous view has been reiterated in various publications that the breaking of Enigma was a one-time feat. In fact, it involved two distinct matters:
First, the theoretical reconstruction of the cipher device itself. The most important matter was determining Enigma's electric wiring, then the intricate interdependence between different components of the machine: the exchangeable rotors, the so called entry ring, the commutator etc. This knowledge enabled the Poles to build doubles of Enigma that made it possible to read German enciphered radio communication.
Second, the elaboration of methods for recovering the Enigma keys (starting positions) exclusively on the basis of intercepts. The Enigma machine that Neo eludes to as being stolen and returned to Bletchley is the a double the Polish built!
Although the opinions or assessments of historical facts and developments made by politicians and statesmen may occasionally be subject to political considerations, they no doubt do reflect the well-balanced and generally accepted views, based on expert investigations. "Before Poland fell - said George Bush while addressing his huge audience in Gdansk in August 1989, on the eve of the 50-th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II - you gave the Allies Enigma the Nazi's secret coding machine. Breaking the unbreakable Axis code saves tens of thousand Allied lives, American lives; and for this, you have the enduring gratitude of the American people. And ultimately, Enigma and freedom fighters played a major role in the winning the Second World War".
I wrote one of my thesis works on World War II so if anyone has any questions drop me a PM and I'll e-mail you my Bib and required reading. :) |
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| trintiy |
Here's a few point on the German/Russian subject: No one can say whether Germany would have won the war without these mistakes, even though most historians believe that the Nazis would have eventually been defeated regardless of their victories. It is also impossible to say any war was won or lost due to a set of reasons, simply because war is too complex to analyze.
1. Operation Barbarossa
By attacking the Soviet Union, Germany signed their death certificate as they took on an enemy they could never defeat. Although they came close, they grossly underestimated the Russian will to fight at any cost, and it was a lesson they learned all too late. Additionally, they created a second front, which consumed the majority of Germany's best men, weapons and machinery, which were destroyed by the Red Army. Had the Germans kept their treaty with the Soviets, or even made an alliance with them, surely the world would be a very different place today.
2. Hitler's Interference In Military Affairs
Many blame Hitler's poor military decisions entirely for Germany's defeat, but it is not that simple. However, it is impossible to deny that his armies suffered greatly because of his meddling, so much so that several assassination attempts were made by his staff. Even when it was clear that the war was lost, Hitler chose to continue the war, determined to bring everyone else down with him. Instead of leaving the planning solely up to his very competent military leaders, he selfishly chose to interfere in nearly every military operation.
3. Poor Intelligence
Throughout the war, the Germans always seemed to be at a disadvantage when it came to knowing what the enemy was up to. The Germans simply had too many secrets given away and were duped too many times by Allied trickery to recover. Not only did the Allies have a greater reservoir of military intelligence, but many from Germans turned to the Allied side, they used their resources better. The Allies drew on vast amounts of German secrets through double agents, captured weaponry, and intercepted messages, all of which culminated in a devastating blow. Throughout the war, the Germans were surprised at how the Allies could have the upper hand so often, when often the reason was because the Allies knew what the Germans were going to do and how they were going to do it.
4. Overextension
This has been the downfall of many doomed empires, and the Third Reich was no exception. Within the first year of WWII, Hitler had much of Europe in his hands because of quick victories which led him to presume that he was invincible. Hitler continually pushed his luck too far and should have learned from the Battle of Britain that his war machine was not infalliable. Once he got deeper and deeper into Europe, supply lines began growing as his army was shrinking, and his overextension in Russia proved fatal.
5. Poor Military Production Early On
Although Germany had great industrial power, they failed to take full advantage of it until later in the war, when they were already on the ropes. Hitler scoffed at the American assembly line mentality and opted for quality, not quantity in his production, while laughing at the idea of using women and children for the war effort. The Americans and Soviets had the exact opposite strategy, choosing to throw as much men and material as possible at Hitler, and in the end the Allies' superior numbers led to their victory. After his disasterous losses in Russia, Hitler switched to mass production and standardization, but by then it was too late.
6. Failure To Take Britain Out Of The War In 1940
The first half of 1940 was a terrifying time for the Allies, especially the British, who had their back against the wall so early on. Hitler had most of the British forces trapped at Dunkirk and made the colossal mistake of letting 340,000 Allied soldiers escape, most of which would return to fight again. Instead of winning a Stalingrad-like victory at Dunkirk, he gave the Allies the breathing room they needed to regroup and a morale boost that carried them into their next big victory in the Battle of Britain. Hitler underestimated the RAF and overestimated the Luftwaffe , and for the second time he missed his chance to deliver a potentially fatal blow to the British, which would have severely curtailed the Allies' future attacks.
7. Counterproductive Military And Governmental Structure
The Third Reich has been called the most disorganized and unstructured government in any advanced society in modern times, and it seems to fit that bill. Although Hitler had absolute power, his "will" was so ambiguous that he had scores of people running the show, and often there were several people working uncoordinately on the same job or working against one another. This labyrinth of disarray and backbiting carried into the military, where Hitler also encouraged rivalry and animosity to weaken the power of everyone else working for him to secure his own power. He failed to realize that these structural weaknesses would only collapse around him later on in the war when people began to dispise him.
8. Nazi Ideology
Nazi official Hans Frank said it best by lamenting that empires built on democracy last for ages, but empires built on hate and violence are always short-lived. The Nazis proved that maxim true by racially, politically and militarily setting themselves apart from the rest of humanity, which bred a world full of enemies that would have their revenge. Thus the Nazis' racist policies gave them the false impression that they were superior to everyone else, which set them up for defeat. By believing the Slavs were subhuman, he alienated potential allies, who first welcomed the Germans as liberators. By believing that the Russians were subhuman, they underestimated an enemy that could have very well defeated them without Western help.
9. Failure To Take Advantage Of Nazi Technology
The Nazis had access to some of the most advanced weaponry in the world, but never made full use of it. They had the world's first guided missles, the V-1 & V-2 rockets, but Hitler only wanted to use them to terrorize London. They had the world's first jets (Not the British), like the Me-262, but Hitler wanted to use them as bombers and not the superior fighters they were. They had the scientists who could have made a German atomic bomb, but it never happened (Most left for America before the war really raged on). Time and time again the Germans seemed to have many military advantages (like their late-war assault rifle which the Soviets copied with their AK-47) but they either used them too late or in a wasteful manner.
10. Failure To Utilize Their Few Allies Properly
The Germans were very self-reliant, but made a grave mistake by letting the Italians try to run a "parallel war" in the Mediterranean and Africa. They were doomed from the beginning and forced to step in and take control, when they could have just integrated Italian forces into the Wehrmacht, like they did with other countries later. However, they showed carelessness in using Axis nations' forces, most notably at Stalingrad, where they guarded the 6th Army with Romanian troops, who were quickly enveloped by the Soviets and led to the Germans' defeat. One aspect historians have speculated about for years is their failure to use the Japanese as true allies, which may not have made a difference in the long run, but it certainly could have helped both Axis countries. |
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| infinity HiGH |
| quote: | Originally posted by FuzzyGreen
Wow, thanks for that insight. I've always been told that the weather was what stopped the Nazi's |
Thats partly true. The Nazi's weren't prepared for the harsh temperatures. But that wasn't the only thing. Hitler also neglected to send re-enforcements and supplies to the troops surrounding Moscow, so that plus the sheer bravery and determination of the Soviet people helped them finally beat the Nazi's.
I may be wrong tho...heh
And one other thing that I'd like to point out, although I don't have much info about this since I never went to school back in my home country. But Poland was the one that cracked the German codes :)
edit Yea, like trintiy said...:):) |
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| Fir3start3r |
Wow trintiy; awesome stuff.
A small part of Canadian History during WWII
Royal Canadian Dragoons
A photograph of a Regimental Staghound vehicle with a 3 inch howitzer, passing Queen Wilhemina on the balcony at the liberation parade in Amsterdam, Holland in 1945
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By 1938 the war clouds were gathering fast once again. In March of 1938 Hitler annexed Austria making it part of the German Reich. He was also beginning to make threatening noises about Czechoslovakia. His number of Panzer Divisions was increased to five. The Pzkw III and IV were in full service at the time.
September had come and Hitler had made his claim on the Sudentenland Czech territory in which more than half the population claimed German blood. On March 15, 1939 Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, his Panzers leading the advance on the Prague.
Hitler now began to make demands on Polish territory. Britain committed itself to the integrity of Poland. In the early hours of Sept 1st, the Panzers rolled across the Polish frontier thus thrusting the Royal Canadian Dragoons into another world war.
The Regiment was placed on active service in Sept 1938 and sent one Sqn in 1940 to the 1st Canadian Calvary Regiment (Mechanized). Later the Regiment was again reorganized as a motor cycle Regiment.
Early in 1941 it was again reorganized as an armoured car Regiment, and went overseas in Nov. 1941. The black beret was officially adopted as the Regimental headgear shortly before the Regiment left Canada in Nov. 1941.
The Regiment was sent to Italy, however, since it had no vehicles, fought as infantry for a month, holding the bank of the Anielli River. Resuming the armoured car role it took part in the Liri Valley offensive, as a reconnaissance regiment of 1st Canadian Corps leading the advance up the Italian boot and winning seven new Battle Honours.
The Regiment was also involved in the break through of the Hitler Line in May 1944 (as part of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division) and later the Gothic Line in 12 Sept. 1944. Once again the Regiment was to become infantry from 03 Dec until mid Jan 1945.
In the spring of 1945 the Regiment was transferred from Italy to North West Europe where it joined 2nd Canadian Corps in forming 1st Canadian Army, the first time Canada had deployed a full Army to the field. It was not until this time that it was used to it's full advantage as an armoured car regiment, employing vehicles such as the Dingo, Staghound, Humber and Greyhound making a spectacular sweep from the Rhine to the North Sea.
In this action the Dragoons collected 3500 prisoners and killed 1500 of the enemy. They were instrumental in completely disorganizing enemy communications and took part in the liberation of a complete province.
On 15th April, 1945 the Dragoons liberated the city of Leeuwarden, Holland. A, B, C and D squadron were all involved in the liberation with a total of 177 prisoners being taken. This event is commemorated annually and we are still welcomed as liberators on each visit to this fine Dutch town.
Each year the Earkhardt Memorial Trophy is presented to the top Cpl. of the Regiment. It was in Sicily that this tragedy occurred. Two Lt.'s and 40 Other Ranks were involved in a route march when they came upon a coastal gun emplacement which was booby trapped. On investigation the gun emplacement magazine exploded, killing one officer and severely burning several men. L/Cpl R.S. Eckhardt severely burned himself, ran 1/2 mile for help. He died the next day. For his gallantry he was awarded the British Empire Medal. L/Cpl Eckhardt is buried in the Aalgera Canadian War Cemetery in Sicily.
On 15 January 1946 the Regiment returned to Canada.
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Canadians weren't really known much for their open field battles as much as their in-city street fighting capabilities and high maneuverability.
We did bite the bullet on D-Day (much like the rest of the allies on the other beaches) though JUNO BEACH was all Canada...
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JUNO BEACH was the landing area for 3rd Canadian Division. The Canadians were very concerned about their role in the invasion (as were most of the planning staff) as the memory of 2nd Canadian Division's destruction at Dieppe was still fresh. But many lessons had been learned, and the 3rd Canadian Division, in spite of heavy opposition at Courselles-sur-Mer, broke through and advanced nearly to their objective, the airfield at Carpiquet, west of Caen. The Canadians made the deepest penetration of any land forces on June 6th, again with moderate casualties. |
There was a 3 part series on TV here in Canada called, "The Valour and the Horror" produced by the National Film Board.
"In Desperate Battle: Normandy 1944" specifically deals with the high price Canadians paid on those days @ JUNO...
I know this is a huge post but I just want to close with this.
I never, EVER take my freedom for granted.
I have immense respect for our veterans and I tell them so whenever I see them.
They put their lives on the line for US.
Jeff |
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